Using the Spanish Verb Dar

Using the Spanish Verb 'Dar' Although the Spanish verb dar is most often translated as to give, it also is one of those verbs whose meanings or translations can vary widely with the context. Those meanings, however, are usually related to the concept of giving in a broad sense of the word. A common example would be a sentence such as El sol da luz. A literal translation of The sun gives light wouldnt be wrong- but most English speakers would be more likely to say something such as The sun sheds light or, more simply, The sun shines or The sun is shining. Everyday Figurative Uses of Dar Most often, when something other then give works as a translation of dar, the meaning can be figured out by thinking of giving in a general or figurative sense. Here are some everyday examples that are mostly easy to figure out if you know the meaning of the noun serving as an object of dar: El reloj dio las tres. (The clock struck three. Literally, the clock gives three.)Dieron golpes a mi hijo. (They hit my son. Literally, they gave blows to my son.)Te damos gracias. (We thank you. Literally, we give thanks to you.)Darse a conocer. (To make oneself known.)Me dio un abrazo. (She hugged me.)Dar la mano. (To shake hands.)Dar un paseo. (To take a walk.)Darse vuelta. (To turn.)Darse prisa. (To hurry.)Darse a la vela. (To set sail.)Darse a entender. (To suggest.)Darse de comer. (To feed.)Darse fin. (To finish.) Phrases Using Dar Dar is also used in a variety of phrases whose meaning isnt always so predictable. Here are some of the most common of them, along with sample sentences. When using the phrases in this list, alguien is replaced by reference to a person, while algo is replaced by reference to a thing. dar alcance: to catch up with. (Los agentes dieron alcance al ladrà ³n. The agents caught up with the thief.)dar algo a alguien: to give something to someone. (Dieron un carro a su hijo. They gave a car to their son.)dar con algo (o a alguien): to find something (or someone) (Di con mi lpiz en la escuela. I found my pencil in the school.)a alguien dar por (o en) (infinitivo): to decide to (verb) (Me di por (o en) salir. I decided to leave.)dar a lugar: to look over a place (La ventana da a la ciudad. The window overlooks the city.)dar luz, dar a luz: to give birth (Marà ­a dio luz a Jesà ºs. Mary gave birth to Jesus.)dar de cabeza: to fall on ones head. (Dio de cabeza en el gimnasio. He fell on his head in the gymnasium.)dar de narices: to fall flat on ones face. (La chica dio de narices. The girl fell flat on her face.)dar lo mismo: to make no difference. (Comià ³ mucho, pero lo mismo dio. She ate a lot, but it didnt make a difference.)darse a algo: to give or devote oneself (to something). (Se da a su trabajo. He gives himself to his work.) dar a alguien (o algo) por (adjectivo) o (participio): to assume or consider someone to be (adjective or participle). (La dieron por feliz. Doy la lucha por concluido. She was considered to be happy. I consider the fight to be over.)darse cuenta de: to realize. (Me di cuenta que ella estaba aquà ­. I realized she was here.) Conjugation of Dar Keep in mind that dar is conjugated irregularly, especially in the preterite form: yo di, tà º diste, usted/à ©l/ella dio, nosotros/nosotras dimos, vosotros/vosotras disteis, ustedes/ellos/ellas dieron. In the present indicative tense, the one most often used, the first-person singular form is doy (I give). Other irregular forms exist in the subjunctive and imperative moods. In many of them, the stem changes from d- to dier-. Key Takeaways Dar is a common verb whose literal meaning is to give, but it can be used in a wide variety of ways where its translation depends on context.Dar is also commonly used in phrases where its meaning isnt ready apparent.Dar is conjugated irregularly.

Rubber Chicken Bone Science Experiment

Rubber Chicken Bone Science Experiment You wont be able to make a wish on a wishbone with the rubber chicken bone science experiment! In this experiment, you use vinegar to remove the calcium in chicken bones to make them rubbery. This is a simple project that illustrates what would happen to your own bones if the calcium in them is used more quickly than it is replaced. Materials for This Project VinegarChicken boneJar big enough you can cover the bone with vinegar While you can use any bone for this experiment, a leg (drumstick) is a particularly good choice because its normally a strong and brittle bone. Any bone will work, though, and you can compare bones from different parts of a chicken to see how flexible they are initially compared with how they change when calcium is removed from them. Make Rubber Chicken Bones Try to bend a chicken bone without breaking it. Get a sense of how strong the bone is.Soak chicken bones in vinegar.Check on the bones after a few hours and days to see how easy they are to bend. If you want to extract as much calcium as possible, soak the bones in vinegar for 3-5 days.When you are done soaking the bones, you can remove them from the vinegar, rinse them in water and allow them to dry. While you have vinegar handy, how about using it to  make a bouncy ball from an egg? How It Works The acetic acid in the vinegar reacts with the calcium in the chicken bones. This weakens them, causing them to become soft and rubbery  as if they had come from a rubber chicken. What Rubber Chicken Bones Mean for You The calcium in your bones is what makes them hard and strong. As you age, you may deplete the calcium faster than you replace it. If too much calcium is lost from your bones, they may become brittle and susceptible to breaking. Exercise and a diet that includes calcium-rich foods can help prevent this from happening. Bones Aren't Just Calcium While the calcium in bones in the form of hydroxyapatite makes them strong enough to support your body, they cant be made completely of the mineral or they would be brittle and prone to breakage. This is why vinegar doesnt completely dissolve bones. While the calcium is removed, the fibrous protein called collagen remains. Collagen gives bones enough flexibility to withstand everyday wear and tear. It is the most abundant protein in the human body, found not just in bones, but also in skin, muscles, blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons. Bones are close to 70% hydroxyapatite, with most of the remaining 30% consisting of collagen. The two materials together are stronger than either one alone, in much the same way reinforced concrete is stronger than either of it components. Science Ideas to Explore Carbonated soft drinks are also acidic. What happens if you soak bones in soda rather than vinegar?Teeth consist almost entirely of the calcium mineral hydroxyapatite. What do you predict will remain of a tooth if you soak it in vinegar for a long time? How about the effect of soda on teeth?

Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts - Essay Example Luxury rooms and luxury food have become the major features of modern Hotels like the Four Seasons Hotels. While going through the performance report, one finds that the firm has been implementing various strategies in branding, market segmentation, and product positioning. Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts chain in the marketplace 3. Centralization and Decentralization 4. Technology at Four Seasons 5. The Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts’ Internet Site 6. SWOT analysis 1. Introduction The Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is a Canadian based business organization started by Isadore Sharp in 1960. Today, the company has 74 hotels and 13 resorts operating in 31 countries around the globe, including USA, India, Egypt, Italy, Malaysia, and Hong Cong. The company also provides services like video conferencing, wedding services and vacation packages. It has now become the world’s leading operator of luxury resorts and hotels. Their highest stan dards of service and dedication to the customers have made them the benchmark in luxury hotels. In the opinion of Talbott (2006), the success of the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts can be attributed to choosing its employees who provides the best genuine and innovative service and its unique organizational culture. 2. Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts chain in the marketplace The Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has kept a distinguishable place in the marketplace rooted on their motto and vision statement of â€Å"treat others the way you would have them treat you† (Sharp, 2011). This puts the firm in an advantage point above the competing chains in the market. The main business strategy of the hotel is that it only hires people who seem to par with the vision of the organization. The management conducts thorough interview for the employees before they are appointed. The staffs of the hotel are asked to get into interrogation with the top level management regularly; this process makes the employees feel that they play an important role in the organization. On the other hand, in the opinion of Capodagli(n.d) the turnover rate at the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is much lower than many other competing luxury hotels. The employees have the chances of getting incentives and bonuses that is above normal. In the opinion of Aufreiter, Elzinga & Gordon (2003), the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts’ consistency in treating the customers with respect and caring them in an excellent manner distinguished them from competitors. 2. Four Seasons’ delivery of service around the world The Four Season Hotel chain is highly noted for its excellent customer service all over the world. Burke, Martin & Cooper (2011 p.9) also state that the four qualities that hold the Four Seasons above some of their competitors are service, quality, culture, and brand. While delivering service over the international market, the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts hold the view that there are things that have to be sustained in the same manner for some properties and there are things that must be differentiated according to the culture of the area the hotel is located in. Technology is used only as a complementary tool to the human interactions. A telephone call is made as a follow-up to answer the e-mail send by a customer. Whenever the Four Seasons’ officials visit their different properties, they spend time having dinner with the top-level

Integration of Operations Management with Human Resource Activity Essay

Integration of Operations Management with Human Resource Activity - Essay Example (Nankervis, Compton & McCarthy, 1999, p.190). One of the changes is the increasingly important role of line Managers. In many organizations the people who implement the HR strategies are line managers. Line managers are often people from the lower ranks of the management hierarchy and lack formal management training. According to a study conducted by the Bath University for theChartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), these line managers carry out several HR activities like training, communication and people management, discipline and grievances and performance appraisals.(CIPD,2005) While HR managers have traditionally created job descriptions and then tried to find the right person to fit into the job, today's organizations call for integration among their components giving rise to the need for flexibility to use their staff as per the changing requirements.(Essex, Kusy, 1999) Job Analysis: In order to find the right person for the right job, HR managers need to conduct a job analysis to understand the nature of work done by the different employees holding different titles. This would involve examining the b. a. objectives of that job, b. the responsibilities involved c. relation of that job to other functions in the organization. d. the minimum academic qualification of an employee eligible for that job. (Russo.S) Once the job analysis is done, the HR person can look for a person who can take up that job. Sources for Recruitment -The selection and recruitment of 'the right person' for the various job is a laborious task. There are two basic sources HR managers usually look at - a. Internal Sources: HR managers can scout for talent within their organization in what is termed as recruitment from internal sources. b. External Sources: External recruitment on the other hand refers to recruiting personnel from sources outside the organization. Advertising, Internet recruitments, and employment agencies all play a significant role in the external recruitment process. (Bergman, 2001) Selection Process: The selection process follows many steps. These include a. Filling in application forms which must be designed to unravel the skills of the applicant and his/her eligibility for the job b. Interviews and Tests which allow the HR personnel to assess the suitability of the

Research Study on Organizational Commitment Essay Example for Free

Research Study on Organizational Commitment Essay IntroductionOrganizational commitment is an organizational member’s psychological connection or feeling of belongingness to the organization CITATION Edu15 l 1033 (Educational Portal). This commitment to an organization creates a feeling of passionate affection within a stakeholder of an organization, creating a desire for that / those individual(s) to do anything necessary for the organization to succeed. Organizational commitment is an indispensably huge role that determines whether a stakeholder will remain at the organization willingly, if given a choice. This is a determinant as to whether this individual will produce at the top of his skill index to ensure that the organization moves much closer, or in the direction of its goals. According to the three- component model (TCM), the organizational commitment is made up of three unique components. These are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. Affective commitment encompasses the love for your career or job. This happens when one has a strong feeling of emotional attachment to their organization or company, and zealously works to promote the interests of that organization. These people have internalized the organization’s values, vision and goals, and have a sincere feeling of wanting to work for the organization for a longer period CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This happens when the employee is happy at their workplace. There are factors that will normally contribute to this affection. Some of the reasons include freedom of thought and innovation, appreciably good salary, better employee terms among other things that could make employees feel that they are important and are valued by their employer. Whatever these reasons are, this affection is imperative to the organizational success. Hypothesis: Employees who are treated in a respectful manner in an ethics based organization are more likely to be happier than employees that belong to a profit oriented organization. Continuous commitment is an express fear of loss. This kind of commitment comes by when employees measures up the advantages and disadvantages of being at the organization compared to their exit CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This comes as a result of a realization that staying at your current position in your company has better terms or benefits than leaving the company. For instance, if one wanted to move from one company or organization, they will not only consider monetary benefits, but a number of other parameters. These parameters include employee terms of welfare, available position of responsibility within the new organization, among other benefits one stands to lose or gain. Another reason could be completely unrelated to profession; one could be attached to their friends at the organization, that moving from the organization is a risk of breaking these bonds. The relentlessness of the continuance commitment increases with advancement of age and professional responsibi lity. Those who are so advanced in both of these factors will feel a certain kind of inertial force that hardly allows them to leave. Hypothesis: People who have successively progressed up the ladder within an organization, and / or age feel the severity of continuance commitment the most. Normative Commitment is the sense of obligation that one feels for an organization. Some people feel that it is the right thing to do, for them to belong to the organization they do belong to. This sense of belongingness occurs even when one is not happy with their position. They are often held back from pursuing even better opportunities CITATION Min151 l 1033 (Mind Tools). This feeling could arise from an array of reasons. A great example is a son working at their father’s firm, He will get a kind of virtual family pressure to weigh the burdens of the organization in order to make it successful. Even if there existed better opportunities, this son will turn them down for the sake of keeping their parents happy. Another scenario that could occur is when a wife works for an organization within a region. The job she does could only be offered by only her current company within the whole region or even country. Due to her domestic responsibilities, she cannot leave to pursue her career interests in another region of the country. This sense of obligation could drain the company of energy because normally, there is no zeal to work, but one will only perform at an average. Hypothesis: more married people will tend to work for a certain firm on a normative commitment basis than the single professionals. All the above forms of commitment are segments of organizational employee response due to certain organizational behaviors. The underlying fact is that employees have their personal needs, and will tend to place these interests first. When these interests are well provided for, the employees will automatically feel appreciated and will tend to happily offer service to the organization. As it has been stressed before, happy employees make more productive and successful companies CITATION And14 l 1033 (Oswald, Proto, Sgroi, 2014). On a practical scale, companies like Google have benefited from employee first approach. The company has invested a lot in employee support and satisfaction while allowing for imagination, creativity and innovation CITATION Kel14 l 1033 (Parkes-Harrison-Warwick, 2014). Some companies have got it right while others are yet to get it right. We carried a research into the various aspects that contribute to this phenomenon of organizational commitment. We use different techniques to measure or research into different Organizational behavior, including self-reporting scales, behavioral observation and organizational records analysis such as performance appraisal forms, time card data, absenteeism rates, productivity indices In this research, we use the self-reporting scales. Self-report study involves use of questionnaires, surveys or polls that let respondents respond to questions in a manner the respondents choose. This kind of survey is focused on extracting information from participants about their attitudes, feelings and beliefs on certain topics. It could be a form of interview, provision of answers to open and closed questions, rating scales, fixed choice questions among others. Reliability on these methods is dependent upon their consistence in providing similar results if used repeatedly in similar circumstances. Validity of the response is also a matter of concern. Especially for questionnaires, respondents may or may not give accurate or sincere answers to certain questions depending on the parameters provided. For example, Anonymous questionnaires or response forms are more likely to produce valid answers. In this survey, we carried a survey in which we asked various questions related to the hypotheses stated in within this document. We adopted the anonymous response questionnaire system to enhance validity of our research. We asked them to rate different departments, work conditions and parameters. The respondents were to respond to questions regarding the hypotheses. They were requested to rate the questions on four guided answers: Strongly agree, Agree, strongly disagree, and agree. Our respondents were 30 employees of different organizations. Results             We set ourselves to find out the validity of three hypotheses regarding the tenets of organizational commitment. These hypotheses stated as follow: Hypothesis 1: Employees who feel appreciated are happy and are more likely to be affectively committed to an organization Hypothesis 2: older employees and those who get promoted are likely to stay within an organization out of continuance commitment Hypothesis 3: most married people are normatively committed to organizations. The validity of our hypotheses had some concurrence with our respondents. However, what the survey disqualified is the sense of promotion as a determining factor to employee continuance commitment. Instead, the people who got promoted in organizations were the productive cream of the organization. This means that they felt a conviction to work for the organization. Such people were comfortably placed within the category of affective commitment. Conclusion             The survey conducted was successfully concluded and in our finding, hypothesis 1 was completely valid as most people agreed with it. Hypothesis 2 produced mixed reactions. Most agreed that older people were committed to the organization due to continuance commitment. Hypothesis 3 was completely valid as most people agreed with this hypothesis. All respondents had their reasons, as evident on their additional comments, including fear of family strain and divorce for the third hypothesis. References BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Educational Portal. (n.d.). Organizational Commitment: Definition, Theory Types. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from Educational Portal: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/organizational-commitment-definition-theory-types.html Mind Tools. (n.d.). The Three Component Model of Commitment. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from Mind Tools: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/three-component-model-commitment.htm Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., Sgroi, a. D. (2014, february 10). Happiness and Productivity. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/eproto/workingpapers/happinessproductivity.pdf Parkes-Harrison-Warwick, K. (2014, March 21). Google is right: We work better when we’re happy. Retrieved jaanuary 28, 2015, from futurity.org: http://www.futurity.org/work-better-happy/ Source document

The First Amendment and Conservative Rulings of the Supreme Court :: Politics Political Essays

The First Amendment and Conservative Rulings of the Supreme Court The authors of the Constitution of the United States created a magnificent list of liberties which were, at the time ascribed, to most people belonging to the United States. The main author, James Madison, transported the previous ideas of fundamental liberties from the great libertarians around the world, such as John Lilburne, John Locke, William Walwyn and John Milton. Madison and other previous libertarians of his time were transposed into seventeen different rights which were to be secured to all those in the United States. These seventeen civil liberties were compressed into ten different groupings which were designated as the "Bill of Rights." In this document lay the First Amendment which stated that the people of the United States had the "freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government..." The First Amendment was drafted by federalist Madison mainly as a political tactic to abolish anti-federalist resistance to the Constitution. After its passage in December of 1791, the First Amendment remained more idealistic than realistic. The First Amendment remained a set of ideals which were not to be carried out during its first century, then progressed to more realistic terms during its latter half of utilization. During the first century of the First Amendment, the First Amendment was paid a glance by all when it came to actually carrying out the freedoms guaranteed by this amendment. For example, in 1794, Pennsylvanian backcountry farmers protested a whiskey tax. The protesters were not violent such as those of the previous Shay's Rebellion. George Washington sent in a militia to crush the rebellion denying them of their First Amendment right to "peaceably assemble." Later, in 1836, antiÄ sl avery newspaper editor James G. Birney had been warned that his newspaper "The Philanthropist" was not desirable in the city of Cincinatti. When Birney refused to cooperate, mob action took rule and, "scattered the type into the streets, tore down t he presses and completely dismantled the office." This contradicted the First Amendment which stated that, "freedom...of the press," is a constitutional right. The Supreme Court could do nothing about these situations when in Barron v. Baltimore, t he Court ruled that, "These amendments contain no expression indicating an intention to apply them to state governments. This court cannot so apply them." Thus, the Supreme Court could not interfere when First Amendments The First Amendment and Conservative Rulings of the Supreme Court :: Politics Political Essays The First Amendment and Conservative Rulings of the Supreme Court The authors of the Constitution of the United States created a magnificent list of liberties which were, at the time ascribed, to most people belonging to the United States. The main author, James Madison, transported the previous ideas of fundamental liberties from the great libertarians around the world, such as John Lilburne, John Locke, William Walwyn and John Milton. Madison and other previous libertarians of his time were transposed into seventeen different rights which were to be secured to all those in the United States. These seventeen civil liberties were compressed into ten different groupings which were designated as the "Bill of Rights." In this document lay the First Amendment which stated that the people of the United States had the "freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government..." The First Amendment was drafted by federalist Madison mainly as a political tactic to abolish anti-federalist resistance to the Constitution. After its passage in December of 1791, the First Amendment remained more idealistic than realistic. The First Amendment remained a set of ideals which were not to be carried out during its first century, then progressed to more realistic terms during its latter half of utilization. During the first century of the First Amendment, the First Amendment was paid a glance by all when it came to actually carrying out the freedoms guaranteed by this amendment. For example, in 1794, Pennsylvanian backcountry farmers protested a whiskey tax. The protesters were not violent such as those of the previous Shay's Rebellion. George Washington sent in a militia to crush the rebellion denying them of their First Amendment right to "peaceably assemble." Later, in 1836, antiÄ sl avery newspaper editor James G. Birney had been warned that his newspaper "The Philanthropist" was not desirable in the city of Cincinatti. When Birney refused to cooperate, mob action took rule and, "scattered the type into the streets, tore down t he presses and completely dismantled the office." This contradicted the First Amendment which stated that, "freedom...of the press," is a constitutional right. The Supreme Court could do nothing about these situations when in Barron v. Baltimore, t he Court ruled that, "These amendments contain no expression indicating an intention to apply them to state governments. This court cannot so apply them." Thus, the Supreme Court could not interfere when First Amendments

Contact Zones of Education

In 1885, Bishop John Ireland turned his dream into a reality when he founded Saint Thomas Academy. The mission of the all-male, college preparatory institution read as follows: â€Å"to help young men build a solid foundation of responsible leadership within themselves, the Academy, the Catholic Church, and the community† (Ireland). His vision has turned into one of the oldest high schools in the state of Minnesota. This idea has both of Pratt’s elements heterogeneous and homogeneous folded into one simple Academy.Having the opportunity to be educated in this somewhat unconventional style, I was introduced to a community and contact zone through my many different experiences throughout my career there. One of the most obvious attempts to create a homogeneous atmosphere associated with Saint Thomas Academy (STA), is the all male aspect forced onto the students. This style of education provides individuals with the ability to be themselves without the pressure of impressi ng a female or the self-consciousness many teenage males experience throughout their education.In other words, the all-male experience created, what Pratt refers to as a â€Å"safe house† or more specifically a â€Å"social and intellectual space(s) where groups can constitute themselves as horizontal, homogeneous, sovereign communities with high degrees of trust, shared understandings, temporary protection from legacies of oppression† (511). The level of trust created here is unrivaled compared to anything else I have ever experienced. The community acted as a family rather than a student body. This idea became more evident in smaller communities such as the athletic and extra circular activities.These teams were often very successful because of this unique bond created. The idea of an all-male student body did not always favor an ‘imagined community’- the term Benedict Anderson uses to describe the existence of safe houses within the academy. He expands this idea by saying â€Å"Languages were seen as living in ‘speech communities,’ and these tended to be theorized as discrete, self-defined, coherent entities, held together by homogenous competence or grammar shared identically and equally among all members† (Pratt, 507).As one might expect, students of STA carried themselves in a very different manner at school than they did on the weekends when they were interacting with females. They would change the way they dressed, talked, and even the way they would act. Similarly, students adapted to the all male environment in a similar fashion. The first couple of weeks of school for new students at STA set the foundation of the atmosphere the all-male aspect created for them to form a fraternal bond with one another. This was usually the first experience students ever encountered in their education, resulting in more of a ‘contact zone’ initially.Any new student undergoes a certain level of anxiety and se lf-doubt, but adding a completely new element, such as a same-sex community, elevates ones anxiety. Since this is one of the only high schools in the more broad community such as the city or even state in this case, the students of STA were often open for criticism by the more ‘traditional’ co-ed schools. Students were forced to learn how to block out distraction at an early age which is a benefit of this contact zone. Pratt addresses a similar benefit of contact zones in the classroom as: â€Å"the most exciting teaching we had ever done, and also the hardest.We were struck, for example, at how anomalous the formal lecture became in a contact zone† (Pratt, 510). This experience and my experience as a student at a school that was more vulnerable to criticism parallel wachother in many ways. Indeed it was difficult dealing with more distractions in high school than most students do, yet it taught be valuable lessons that I can use today. We were typically put into a completely different category than students of surrounding schools, and for that we learned to conduct ourselves in the appropriate manner. I experience this same stereotype being a member of a fraternity here on campus.We often get judged and have a negative label put on us also. I have been able to use the skills I was taught in high school to portray myself, as well as all members of our fraternity in the most positive way possible- just as we were forced to do at STA. Finally, the comfort gained from the lack of female pressure is lost upon graduation- turning this imagined community into a very dangerous contact zone. Since STA is a college preparatory academy, it is expected that students continue their education at a further level. Pratt speaks of this idea in her lecture also.She says â€Å"along with the rage, incomprehension, and pain, there were exhilarating moments of wonder and revelation, mutual understanding, and new wisdom- the joys of the contact zone† (Pr att, 511). I would say this is exactly how I would describe my experience when I began college. I was put back into a co-ed atmosphere, and forced to adapt to the expectations of a new, unfamiliar, community. Through the early months here I underwent many different incidents where I had similar feelings of Pratt’s students in the classroom- yet another comparable benefit of the ‘contact zone’ I share with Pratt.Another portion of STA’s mission includes teaching students catholic values as well as providing him with â€Å"military style† leadership skills. In some ways this reflects an imagined community in the sense that all students are taught catholic values. This provides a uniform foundation for them to develop into a successful individual. It also brings a sense of spirituality to this community- which is another element that cultivates the growth and cohesiveness between each student. Not only do students understand similar religious beliefs, they are put through a method of leadership training which includes a major military element.It parallels military training by holding all individuals to an appearance standard and teaches students effective communication skills. This sense of belonging and higher level of expectation describes an imagined community as students face challenges together and can learn from each other. This can simultaneously create a contact zone too or as Pratt might call ‘transculturation’. For instance, the students who believe in a religion other than Catholicism feel excluded and this can create a feeling of disconnect between members.At the same time these students could use this experience to learn how to express differences and effectively convey their ideas and belief’s. Students who are more timid and do not excel in leadership can often feel like they are missing out on something a majority of their classmates experience. Both examples make for great classroom discussion and for students on either end of the spectrum to perceive a situation from a new point of view. Pratt says this is necessary for continued development too.She says this while speaking of Poma’s text: â€Å"Such a text is heterogeneous on the reception end as well as the production end: it will read very differently to people in different positions in the contact zone† (506). She is supporting the underlying benefits of individuals or communities disagreeing with one another, which is the ultimate goal of a contact zone. Finally, the social groups that exist in STA prove to create an unexpected contact zone. Since it is such a unique school, many students from different backgrounds chose to attend.Because of the variety of students STA attracts, it is impossible to avoid different social groups that exist within the homogeneous community. These social groups cause a disconnect between students and at times can have a very negative impact on the student body. These imp acts can lead to a variety of actions that do not reflect the values STA hopes to instill on its students and can impact the school in a very negative way. Pratt supports the idea of a contact zone in education, but not to the extent of creating extreme conflict between students.In a way it is necessary of the imagined community to exist. For STA this means that the entire student body be held to the same standard and expectations. When too much one two groups inside this community clash too much, it creates a contact zone that has no positive impact. She describes this in her lecture by saying: â€Å"Despite whatever conflicts or systematic social differences might be in play, it is assumed that all participants are engaged in the same game and that the game is the same for all players† (Pratt, 508).Her message here is similar to what STA intends to instill on its students, that is, when conflict occurs in the right environment- it can be positive and provide opportunity for growth. Through my experience at this unconventional school, I have encountered contact zones existing in or with an imagined community. When practiced in a specific manner, these two ideas have the ability to coexist and positively impact a situation. When a contact zone becomes unmanageable, the result is mostly negative and can hinder the growth of a group of people or an individual.

Satire and Epic Conventions

Alexander Pope was the author who set the trend of the Augustan Age. The poem ‘Rape of the Lock’ was prompted by a real incident when Arabella Lemore’s lock of hair was snipped by Peter, another member of the aristocratic family. This led to the feud between the families and hence Pope was summoned to attempt on reconciliation. The fact lies in a trivial matter blown out of proportion. But Pope extended his courtesy in making a satire of all the possible members who constituted the 18th century aristocratic society. The society once praised for its lofty values came down to spending time on frivolous matters. Pope vividly describes the occupation of Belinda who wakes up late because of having spent an entire evening courting and alluring men. After she wakes up, she is preoccupied reading the ‘billet-doux’ that she had received from her admirers. The poem as a mock-epic comes from the description of how the aristocrats spent time playing cards, a mock-epic battle. The society Pope mocks soon followed the heroic epic period where battles were fought to defend honor and pride and heroes became legends. But the society Pope satirizes fell far short of epic glory. Even morals and values were treated recklessly. Men and women indulged in extra-marital affairs that most husbands suspected that their wives cheated on them with their lovers. Women mourned over their late husbands, as much as they would over their lapdogs. Law and order was also on an imbalanced scale of justice since it was held by irresponsible judges who were eager and quick to pass judgment without investigating. Men of yore exhibited their chivalry by being warriors but during Pope’s time men exposed their chivalry by paying complements to women, flirting and gambling. Through the character of Clarissa, who actually aids in having Belinda’s hair cut off by offering a pair of scissors to Baron, and then later advises that Belinda should pay more attention to her virtues than given into the vanities of her youth. Because it’s the virtues that will outlive her while everything else will fade away. The employment of mock-epic is use the form to mock the society. Pope clearly sent the message across to the aristocratic community through his satire and till day ‘The Rape of the Lock’ remains most popular text of the Augustan Age.

BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essays

BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essays BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essay BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essay BigChoc, a maker of organic cocoa called Delicio, won the gold decoration for the purest organic cocoa at the International Food Fair for the last three old ages. Its European office and mill is located in Balmoral, United Kingdom ( UK ) . BigChoc s caput office is in North America. BigChoc sells Delicio in three EU Member States the UK, Ireland and France and has about 60 % of the market for organic cocoa in each of these states. LArtisan is a little Gallic company that manufactures organic cocoa, which it besides sells in the UK, Ireland and France. It has about 10 % of the market for organic cocoa in these three states. Marta owns a store and cafe merchandising organic green goods in the small town of Balmoral where she sells BigChoc s Delicio and LArtisan s organic cocoa. A month ago BigChoc s gross revenues representative visited her store and told her that she must halt selling LArtisan s cocoa or BigChoc would non provide her anymore. Marta refused and BigChoc sent her a facs imile corroborating that it would non provide her anymore. Marta s concern has suffered as she has ever sold more of BigChoc s Delicio than L’Artisan’s cocoa. Because LArtisan is a little company it does non hold the capableness to provide her with every bit much organic cocoa as she needs. However, she has read an article on LArtisan in the Wall Street Journal, which describes the company s programs for enlargement. CandyCo a Belgian manufacturer of organic bars decides to do organic cocoa bars and to sell them in six EU Member States including the UK, Ireland and France. Its market research reveals that many clients with particular dietetic demands, and pregnant adult females, choose merely those organic merchandises known for holding the purest organic ingredients. However, BigChoc has refused to provide its Delicio cocoa to CandyCo and decides to do organic cocoa bars itself. CandyCo approaches LittleChoc, another manufacturer of all right organic cocoa, which pres ently sells its cocoa in Belgium and the remainder of the EU but non in Ireland, France and the UK. LittleChoc besides refuses to provide CandyCo, which has noticed that LittleChoc s and BigChoc s monetary values for organic cocoa are the same throughout the EU. On a recent vacation in Belgium Marta visits CandyCo s mill store and learns of these events. Advise Marta on the deductions of the actions of BigChoc and LittleChoc under Article 81 and Article 82 EC. In this essay I shall discourse the deductions of the actions of BigChoc and LittleChoc non merely under Article 81 and Article 82 EC, but besides under Chapter I and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998. These latter commissariats are based upon the several EC Articles, but differ in their geographical range ; we may therefore happen that whilst no damages for Marta can be found through application of Article 81 and Article 82 EC, such damages might be possible under the more limited range of the Chapter I and II prohibitions of the UK’s Competition Act 1998 ; in this manner, any advice given to Martha on the deductions of the actions of BigChoc and LittleChoc would perchance be uncomplete without a treatment of the prohibitions at both the EC and national degree. It is for this ground I have chosen to widen the range of my response in this manner. In order for Martha to seek amendss for her loss of concern, she must be able to reason that she was compelled to do her determination to stop supply with BigChoc i.e. that the harm was non caused through her ain pick to stop supply. She must therefore argue that had she accepted BigChoc’s judicial admission to discontinue trading with LittleChoc, so she would hold been party to an understanding which would hold been in breach of EC Community and UK National Competition statute law. With this in head, allow us analyze whether or non, had Martha agreed to BigChoc’s judicial admissions, to what extent the actions of BigChoc might be deemed to be in dispute of the prohibition commissariats of Article 81 EC and Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998: Both Article 81 EC and Chapter I [ 1 ] apply to understandings between projects which have as their object or consequence the bar, limitation or deformation of competition. Article 81 applies to the bar, limitation or deformation of competition within the common market and the extent to which these projects affect trade between Member States. Chapter I applies to the bar, limitation or deformation of competition within the UK and the extent to which these projects affect trade within the United Kingdom. Before analyzing the facts of the job and trying to place any understandings which might, prima facie, be seen to come within the range of either of these commissariats, allow us foremost examine the Article and Act in closer item in order to set up a more strict choice standard: Article 81 ( 1 ) EC and Section 2 ( 2 ) of the Competition Act 1998 provide a non-exhaustive, but exemplifying list of understandings to which the commissariats apply. The lists contained within each of these several legislative acts are indistinguishable, and are as follows: Those understandings to which these commissariats apply, are those understandings which†¦ â€Å" ( a ) straight or indirectly fix purchase or selling monetary values or any other trading conditions ; ( B ) bound or control production, markets, proficient development or investing ; ( degree Celsius ) portion markets or beginnings of supply ; ( vitamin D ) use dissimilar conditions to tantamount minutess with other trading parties, thereby puting them at a competitory disadvantage ; ( vitamin E ) make the decision of contracts capable to credence by the other parties of auxiliary duties which, by their nature or harmonizing to commercial use, have no connexion with the topic of such contracts.† In the facts of the job we are told that BigChoc s gross revenues representative visited Marta’s store and told her that she must halt selling LArtisan s cocoa or BigChoc would non provide her anymore. Prima facie, this non-consensual ‘arrangement’ between BigChoc and Martha may be seen as impacting trade both between Member States [ 2 ] , and within the United Kingdom [ 3 ] , and as such, we should analyze this agreement under both Article 81 EC and Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998. Article 81 will merely be deemed applicable where the project in inquiry ‘may have caused an appreciable consequence on interstate trade’ ; this phrase has been interpreted loosely by the instance jurisprudence of the European Courts, and as such leading facie we can be confident that such an affect would be deemed to hold been created by the infliction of BigChoc’s ultimatum. Chapter I will merely be applicable where the understanding is, or is intended to be implemented in the UK [ 4 ] ; there is no uncertainty that BigChoc’s proposed understanding was intended to be implemented in the UK, and as such, leading facie, we can stay confident at this phase that Chapter I of the Competition Act 1988 will besides be applicable to this project. A note should be made here in relation to the existent term ‘undertaking’ , as used both by myself above, and besides in the diction of the several EC and National Law commissariats: In the instance of Hofner and Elser v Macrotron [ 1991 ] [ 5 ] , the significance of ‘undertaking’ was held to cover ‘any natural or legal individual engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal position and the manner in which it is financed’ . This definition provides no jobs in our chase of a claim against BigChoc under the Article 81 or Chapter I prohibitions. As for whether this agreement is one which might be seen to sufficiently do the bar, limitation or deformation of competition within the common market/UK market, it should be noted that the agreement is really similar to the illustration stipulated in portion ( vitamin E ) of the list of understandings to which the commissariats apply [ 6 ] ; in kernel, BigChoc were renegociating Martha’s supply contract of Delicio cocoa. BigChoc stated that the contract would non be concluded unless Martha agreed to accept a auxiliary duty non to merchandise with BigChoc’s rival L’Artisan ; there is no uncertainty here that this duty is one which, ‘by its nature or harmonizing to commercial use, has no connexion with the topic of the contract, ’ which is the supply of BigChoc’s ware, and nil to make with L’Artisan in any manner whatsoever. The OFT will merely make the determination that BigChoc has infringed Article 81 EC and Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998 if there is â€Å"strong and obliging evidence† to that consequence. This was the wide trial outlined in the instance of NAPP Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited and Subsidiaries v Director General of Fair Trading [ 2002 ] [ 7 ] . The Commission’s Notice on Agreements of Minor Importance [ 8 ] provinces what is non to be considered ‘an appreciable limitation of competition under Article 81 EC’ . Agreements between parties [ projects ] which affect trade as between Member States are non be consider being ‘an appreciable limitation of competition under Article 81 EC’ , where†¦ â€Å"the sum market portion of the parties to the understanding does non transcend 10 per cent on any of the relevant markets affected by the understanding where the understanding is made between viing projects ( i.e. projects which are existent or possible rivals on any of the markets concerned ) , or the market portion of each of the parties to the understanding does non transcend 15 per cent on any of the relevant markets affected by the understanding where the understanding is made between non-competing projects, ( i.e. projects which are neither existent nor possible rivals on any of the markets concerned ) .† [ 9 ] This is non any easy ‘guideline’ to use ; we know that BigChoc are a party to the understanding, but their trade is non being adversely affected by the understanding. LittleChoc are non as such a direct party to the understanding, but in visible radiation of the fact that it is them would endure a loss through the agreement between BigChoc and Martha, it would look important that any trial whose purpose is to determine whether or non the affect of the understanding is an ‘appreciable restriction’ , would concentrate non on the market portion owned by BigChoc, but instead that of the victim company LittleChoc. After all, if the of import characteristic of this appraisal is the portion of the market held by the larger company, so this guideline would in consequence be giving the green light for any larger company to merely set little rivals [ those with a market portion lower than 10 % ] out of concern. LittleChoc’s portion in the UK merely 10 % , and h ence non ‘greater than 10 % ’ as required, but the existent per centum of the ‘relevant markets affected’ is much lower than this, as in consequence it is merely LittleChoc’s concern in Martha’s shop which will be adversely affected by this understanding. It hence seems likely that LittleChoc are excessively little a company to ensue in the understanding in inquiry being deemed in dispute of Article 81 EC or Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998. We are told nevertheless that LittleChoc are be aftering an enlargement, and if this does travel in front, so possibly this point should be revisited in visible radiation of its new market place, and ensuing increased affected portion. There is besides a high opportunity that if BigChoc are trying to enforce such conditions on Martha’s store, so they are besides enforcing this status on other retail mercantile establishments who are selling LittleChoc’s wares. If this was the instance, s o LittleChoc could take an action out against BigChoc for their breach of EC and UK Competition jurisprudence, and at least such an action might non fall down at this hurdle. It should be noted nevertheless that even if LittleChoc’s aggregate market portion which is affected by BigChoc’s behavior was calculated to be above 10 % , this would non needfully intend that the OFT would keep that the consequence on competition is appreciable [ 10 ] . Other relevant factors must be taken into history in this finding, such as the content of the understanding and the construction of the market or markets affected by the understanding, such as entry conditions or the features of the purchasers and the construction of the buyer’s side of the market [ 11 ] . It is of import to observe that none of the exclusions provided for by Article 81 ( 3 ) EC and s9 ( 1 ) of the Competition Act 1998 are truly relevant to our understanding in this inquiry. Let us now address the issue of Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998, and set up whether BigChoc’s behavior could be deemed a breach of either of these commissariats: Article 82 EC and Chapter 2 [ 12 ] of the Competition Act 1998 are commissariats designed to forbid one company mistreating its dominant market place. Again the Chapter II proviso is based upon the EC Article, the primary difference being in the geographical range of their protection [ 13 ] : Article 82 EC provides that: Any maltreatment by one or more projects of a dominant place within the common market or in a significant portion of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market in so far as it may impact trade between Member States. The Chapter II prohibition provides that: †¦any behavior on the portion of one or more projects which sums to the maltreatment of a dominant place in a market is prohibited if it may impact trade within the United Kingdom. Let us use these commissariats to the state of affairs in our job inquiry, and see if BigChoc’s forced judicial admission that Martha ceases trading with LittleChoc could be held to be an maltreatment of BigChoc’s dominant market place. The two cardinal phases of the trial are as follows: First we must set up that BigChoc is dominant in the relevant market. Then we must reason and set up that BigChoc is in maltreatment of that dominant place [ 14 ] . In order to set up this, the Office of Fair Trading will carry on a elaborate scrutiny of the market concerned and the effects of BigChoc’s behavior within that market. Let us now conduct an scrutiny of our ain, based on the facts provided in the job inquiry, and ascertain the likeliness of BigChoc being found to be in breach of Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998: There is no uncertainty that BigChoc are in a dominant place relation to LittleChoc, with a 60 % UK market compared to a 10 % one. As for whether the behavior of BigChoc is sufficiently opprobrious to represent maltreatment under these commissariats, it should be noted for intents of counsel, that both Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998 provide a list of behavior which may represent maltreatment. This list is simply exemplifying, i.e. non thorough, but it gives us some thought of how to use these commissariats [ 15 ] : ( a ) straight or indirectly enforcing unjust purchase or selling monetary values or other unjust trading conditions ; ( B ) modification production, markets or proficient development to the bias of consumers ( degree Celsius ) using dissimilar conditions to tantamount minutess with other trading parties, thereby puting them at a competitory disadvantage ( vitamin D ) doing the decision of contracts capable to credence by the other parties of auxiliary duties which, by their nature or harmonizing to commercial use, have no connexion with the topic of the contracts. The agreement is really similar to the illustration stipulated in portion ( vitamin D ) of the list of behavior to which the commissariats apply ; in kernel, BigChoc were renegociating Martha’s supply contract of Delicio cocoa. BigChoc stated that the contract would non be concluded unless Martha agreed to accept a auxiliary duty non to merchandise with BigChoc’s rival L’Artisan ; there is no uncertainty here that this duty is one which, ‘by its nature or harmonizing to commercial use, has no connexion with the topic of the contract, ’ which is the supply of BigChoc’s ware, and nil to make with the limitation of selling L’Artisan in any manner whatsoever. Whether or non BigChoc can seek limited unsusceptibility on the footing that, as per s40 of the Act, the one-year turnover of the company does non transcend ?50 million is unknown from the facts. This unsusceptibility nevertheless is non available under Article 82 EC, and in visible radiation of the fact that this behavior would about surely, under the broad readings offered by the Community Courts, be deemed incompatible with the common market [ in this instance, impacting trade between Member States France and the UK ] , we can be rather confident that such behavior by BigChoc would be held to be in dispute of Article 82 EC. The effects of this violation would in this instance most likely be in the signifier of a fiscal punishment. When puting the sum of any punishment, the OFT must hold respect to its ‘Guidance as to the appropriate sum of a punishment. [ 16 ] ’ The punishment imposed may be of up to 10 % of the world-wide turnover of BigChoc, flop as expressed above, the concluding determination is up to the OFT, who are, as a consequence of the Modernisation Regulation, in charge of such appraisals [ 17 ] . As for Marta ; she may use to the tribunals as a 3rd party and seek amendss for her loss of concern and besides possibly to seek an order coercing BigChoc to restart her supply, although it is more likely that the OFT would present merely amendss [ 18 ] . We are now faced with a confusing series of facts ; CandyCo a Belgian manufacturer of organic bars decides to do organic cocoa bars and to sell them in six EU Member States including the UK, Ireland and France. Its market research reveals that many clients with particular dietetic demands, and pregnant adult females, choose merely those organic merchandises known for holding the purest organic ingredients. However, BigChoc has refused to provide its Delicio cocoa to CandyCo and decides to do organic cocoa bars itself. CandyCo approaches LittleChoc, another manufacturer of all right organic cocoa, which presently sells its cocoa in Belgium and the remainder of the EU but non in Ireland, France and the UK. LittleChoc besides refuses to provide CandyCo, which has noticed that LittleChoc s and BigChoc s monetary values for organic cocoa are the same throughout the EU. This information, coupled with the fact that we are besides told that there was published an article on LArtisan in the Wall Street Journal, which describes the company s programs for enlargement, might take us to believe that BigChoc and LittleChoc have in someway made an understanding to repair their monetary values. At the clip of the BigChoc nearing Marta nevertheless, from the facts, we can be reasonably certain that such an understanding had non yet occurred, and as such these ulterior facts do non hold a bearing on the decisions reached so far in this essay. However, in light if these initial facts, we might theorize that BigChoc had commenced a wide-spread onslaught on its smaller challenger LittleChoc ; through nearing shops such as Marta’s and giving the proprietors of these shops the same ultimatum, either cease buying from LittleChoc or we will discontinue providing you with BigChoc. Of class, some shops, like Marta’s, would decline to panda to this demand, but it is about certain that the larger shops in the market would gain the importance of keeping supply from the dominant maker, particularly in visible radiation of the fact that BigChoc had won awards for the excellence of its merchandise for the past three old ages. If this was the instance, finally BigChoc could hol d been in a place to coerce LittleChoc into a price-fixing understanding, in return for remotion of these countrywide supply limitations The above is of class a guess, but it is one which, from the facts supplied to us, seems a plausible 1. Let us presume that such monetary value repairing understanding has in fact been made between BigChoc and LittleChoc, and measure its deductions under Article 81 and 82 EC and Chapter I and Chapter II, severally: Having made this appraisal, I will reason by briefly turn toing the same factual state of affairs as if LittleChoc had been forced into this understanding by BigChoc’s maltreatment of its dominant market place, as per my above guess. â€Å"An understanding whose object is straight or indirectly to repair monetary values, or the resale monetary values of any merchandise or service, about constantly infringes Article81 and/or the Chapter I prohibition. [ 19 ] † The ground for this ‘hard-core restriction’ that an understanding or agreement which fixes monetary values between rivals does, by its really nature, restrict competition to an ‘appreciable’ extent ; the monetary values are no longer capable to the natural market forces of healthy and free competition. The assorted ways in which such understandings may purport to curtail monetary values can include the existent repair of a monetary value or the per centum by which monetary values are to be increased, or less straight puting a minimal monetary value [ lower than which such monetary values must non fall ] or set uping an in agreement monetary value scope, outside of which the monetary values must non be set [ 20 ] . In our instance, the monetary values of BigChoc’s and LittleChoc’s merchandises are indistinguishable in value throughout Europe. This suggests that if a monetary value repair understanding has been reached between these two challengers, so it is of the sort which stipulates the exact monetary values by which the merchandises will be sold. In visible radiation of such an understanding, the OFT would enforce fiscal punishments upon the two companies in the order of 10 % of their entire worldwide turnover. This is a maximal punishment, and of class the OFT have discretion available to them to take into history all the relevant fortunes and will put a punishment duty with respect to its ‘Guidance as to the appropriate sum of a punishment. [ 21 ] ’ . BigChoc and LittleChoc could try to hedge such punishment by reasoning that their understanding falls within one of the legal exclusions introduced by the Modernisation Regulation [ 22 ] . In drumhead, the legal exclusion government introduced by this recent ordinance means that even if the understanding in inquiry to the full satisfies the judicial admissions of Article 81 ( 1 ) , and is as such, leading facie, a competitory limitation which should be prohibited, the understanding can still be capable of being deemed valid and enforceable, every bit long as, and for every bit long as, the conditions set out in Article 83 ( 3 ) EC are satisfied. The load of turn outing that these aforementioned conditions are met would lie on BigChoc and LittleChoc, the projects claiming the benefit of Article 83 ( 1 ) EC [ 23 ] . The Competition Act 1998 was amended to be in conformity with this legal exclusion government, and the conditions of exclusion can be found within s9 ( 1 ) of the Act. As with Article 81 ( 3 ) EC, where an understanding comes within the judicial admissions of Article 81 ( 1 ) , and is as such, leading facie, a competitory limitation which should be prohibited, the understanding can still be capable of being deemed valid and enforceable, every bit long as, and for every bit long as, the conditions set out in s9 ( 1 ) of the Competition Act are satisfied. The load of turn outing that these aforementioned conditions are met would likewise prevarication on BigChoc and LittleChoc, the projects claiming the benefit of s9 ( 1 ) in our instance. The conditions in Article 81 ( 3 ) and subdivision 9 ( 1 ) are virtually indistinguishable [ 24 ] . There are four conditions which must all be satisfied in order for BigChoc’s and LittleChoc’s monetary value repairing understanding to be validated and upheld: Article 81 ( 3 ) EC/s9 ( 1 ) of the Act provide that Article 81 ( 1 ) /s9 ( 1 ) is unsuitable in regard of any understanding: which contributes to bettering the production or distribution [ of goods ] or advancing proficient or economic advancement, while leting consumers a just portion of the resulting benefit, and which does non: ( a ) impose on the projects concerned limitations which are non indispensable to the attainment of these aims ; ( B ) afford such projects the possibility of extinguishing competition in regard of a significant portion of the merchandises in inquiry. As stated above, the load of cogent evidence would be upon BigChoc and LittleChoc to explicate an statement for why their understanding does so fulfill the four commissariats above. The could reason that they have fixed their monetary values so that they can non travel above a certain upper limit, and in making so hold contributed to the distribution of goods [ in that more people can now afford the merchandises ] but at the same clip have allowed the consumers a just portion of the resulting benefit [ i.e. lower monetary values ] . They would hold to reason that such an understanding was necessary and indispensable to accomplishing the aim of greater distribution, and that their understanding does non function to extinguish other rival rivals who are non party to the understanding. Whether or non BigChoc and Little Choc are successful will depend upon the existent nature of the understanding, and how good they can reason the above points based upon the existent state of affairs of t he market and the contents of the understanding made, but if they are successful, so their understanding will be deemed valid. If they are unsuccessful, so their understanding will be deemed null [ 25 ] , and as antecedently stated, fiscal punishments may be imposed if the breach of Article 81 and/or Chapter I is shown to hold been committed deliberately or negligently [ 26 ] . BigChoc and LittleChoc should besides be cognizant that no ‘small concern arrangement’ unsusceptibility is available for price-fixing understandings such as the sort in inquiry here [ 27 ] . If CandyCo believes that the ground that both companies rejected their petition for the supply of cocoa is due to some other understanding between them, so they may use to the OFT for an probe into this affair. From the facts, it seems that the ground BigChoc declined the order was due to the fact that BigChoc were themselves interested in doing the bars which CandyCo were be aftering to fabricate, and as such did non desire to assist out their competition. No such ground has been provided for LittleChoc’s grounds for rejection, and as such we can presume that they rejected for different grounds. In this manner, from the facts provided, it does non look probably that an understanding as to who to provide their goods to had been made between LittleChoc and BigChoc. As a concluding point: If LittleChoc had been forced into this understanding by the behavior of BigChoc, so they may avoid the fiscal punishments imposed by the OFT in respects to this price-fixing understanding, should such punishments in fact be ordered. A simple statement of the sort employed earlier in this essay, utilizing the commissariats of Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998, to demo that BigChoc had abused its 60 % dominant market place to coerce LittleChoc into a place where the lone economically feasible option was to run into the demands of BigChoc and commit to a price-fixing understanding, would be sufficient to hedge liability ; amendss may even be awarded for LittleChoc’s loss of concern as a consequence of BigChoc’s opprobrious behavior. LittleChoc could trust upon the testimony of store proprietors such as Marta to grounds BigChoc’s anti-competitive behavior. Mention Bibliography â€Å"Commission’s Notice on Agreements of Minor Importance† OJ C368, 22.12.01 Hofner and Elser v Macrotron [ 1991 ] ECR 1-1979 Klimisch Decentralised application of EC competition jurisprudence, [ 1999 ] ELRev 463. NAPP Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited and Subsidiaries v Director General of Fair Trading [ 2002 ] CompAR 13 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 401a ] : Article 81 and the Chapter I prohibition ; Draft competition jurisprudence guideline for audience April 2004 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 401b ] : Article 82 and the Chapter II prohibition ; Draft competition jurisprudence guideline for audience April 2004 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 415 ] : Appraisal of market power ; Understanding Competition Law 2004 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 423 ] : ‘Guidance as to the appropriate sum of a penalty.’ 2004 â€Å"REFORMING EC COMPETITION PROCEDURES† COM ( 1999 ) 101 finalWhite Paper on Modernisation of the regulations implementing Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. [ 4ThursdayReport of the Select Committee appointed to see European Union paperss and other affairs associating to the European Union ] Schaub, A. , Modernisation of EC Competition Law: Reform of Regulation 17, Fordham Corporate Law Institute, October 1999. Steiner A ; Woods, Textbook on EC Law ( Oxford University Press, 8th erectile dysfunction )

Biography of Isoroku Yamamoto, World War II Admiral

Biography of Isoroku Yamamoto, World War II Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto (April 4, 1884–April 18, 1943) was the commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet during World War II. It was Yamamoto who planned and executed the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Initially against war, Yamamoto nevertheless planned and participated in many of the most important battles of the war. He was finally killed in action in the South Pacific in 1943. Fast Facts: Isoroku Yamamoto Known For: Isoroku Yamamoto was the commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet during World War II.Also Known As: Isoroku TakanaBorn: April 4, 1884 in Nagaoka,  Niigata,  Empire of JapanParents: Sadayoshi Teikichi, and his second wife MinekoDied: April 18, 1943  in Buin,  Bougainville,  Solomon Islands,  Territory of New GuineaEducation:  Imperial Japanese Naval AcademyAwards and Honors:  Ã‚  Grand Cordon of the  Order of the Chrysanthemum  (posthumous appointment, Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers  (April 1942),  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun  (April 1940); the subject of many books and moviesSpouse: Reiko MihashiChildren: Yoshimasa and Tadao (sons) and Sumiko and Masako  (daughters)Notable Quote: Should hostilities once break out between  Japan  and the  United States, it is not enough that we take  Guam  and the  Philippines, nor even  Hawaii  and San Francisco. We would have to march into   Washington  and sign the treaty in the  White House. I wonder if our politicians (who speak so lightly of a Japanese-American war) have confidence as to the outcome and are prepared to make the necessary sacrifices. Early Life Isoroku Takano was born April 4, 1884, in Nagaoka, Japan, and was the sixth son of samurai Sadayoshi Takano. His name, an older Japanese term for 56, referenced his fathers age the time of his birth. In 1916, following the death of his parents, the 32-year-old Takano was adopted into the Yamamoto family and assumed its name. It was a common custom in Japan for families without sons to adopt one so that their name would continue.  At age 16, Yamamoto entered the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima. Graduating in 1904 and ranked seventh in his class, he was assigned to the cruiser Nisshin. Early Military Career While on board, Yamamoto fought in the decisive Battle of Tsushima (May 27-28, 1905).  During the engagement, Nisshin served in the Japanese battle line and sustained several hits from Russian warships. In the course of the fighting, Yamamoto was wounded and lost two fingers on his left hand. This injury led to him earning the nickname 80 sen, as a manicure cost 10 sen per finger at the time. Recognized for his leadership skill, Yamamoto was sent to the Naval Staff College in 1913. Graduating two years later, he received a promotion to lieutenant commander. In 1918, Yamamoto married Reiko Mihashi with whom he would have four children. A year later, he departed for the United States and spent two years studying the oil industry at Harvard University. Returning to Japan in 1923, he was promoted to captain and advocated for a strong fleet that would allow Japan to pursue a course of gunboat diplomacy if necessary. This approach was countered by the Army, which viewed the Navy as a force for transporting invasion troops. The following year, he changed his specialty from gunnery to naval aviation after taking flying lessons at Kasumigaura. Fascinated by air power, he soon became the schools director and began to produce elite pilots for the Navy. In 1926, Yamamoto returned to the United States for a two-year tour as the Japanese naval attachà © in Washington. Early 1930s After returning home in 1928, Yamamoto briefly commanded the light cruiser Isuzu before becoming captain of the aircraft carrier Akagi.  Promoted to rear admiral in 1930, he served as a special assistant to the Japanese delegation at the second London Naval Conference and was a key factor in raising the number of ships the Japanese were permitted to build under the London Naval Treaty. In the years after the conference, Yamamoto continued to advocate for naval aviation and led the First Carrier Division in 1933 and 1934. Due to his performance in 1930, he was sent to the third London Naval Conference in 1934. In late 1936, Yamamoto was made the vice minister of the Navy. From this position, he argued strenuously for naval aviation and fought against the construction of new battleships. Road to War Throughout his career, Yamamoto had opposed many of Japans military adventures, such as the invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and the subsequent land war with China. In addition, he was vocal in his opposition to any war with the United States and delivered the official apology for the sinking of USS Panay in 1937. These stances, along with his advocating against the Tripartite Pact with German and Italy, made the admiral very unpopular with the pro-war factions in Japan, many of which put bounties on his head. During this period, the Army detailed military police to conduct surveillance on Yamamoto under the guise of providing protection from potential assassins. On August 30, 1939, Navy Minister Admiral Yonai Mitsumasa promoted Yamamoto to commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet commenting, It was the only way to save his life- send him off to sea. Following the signing of the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, Yamamoto warned Premier Fumimaro Konoe that if he were forced to fight the United States, he expected to have success for no more than six months to a year. After that time, nothing was guaranteed. With war almost unavoidable, Yamamoto began planning for the fight. Going against traditional Japanese naval strategy, he advocated a quick first strike to cripple the Americans followed by an offensive-minded decisive battle. Such an approach, he argued, would increase Japans chances of victory and might make the Americans willing to negotiate peace. Promoted to admiral on November 15, 1940, Yamamoto anticipated losing his command with the ascension of General Hideki Tojo to prime minister in October 1941. Though old adversaries, Yamamoto retained his position due to his popularity in the fleet and connections to the imperial family. Pearl Harbor As diplomatic relations continued to break down, Yamamoto began planning his strike to destroy the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, while also outlining plans for drives into the resource-rich Dutch East Indies and Malaya. Domestically, he continued to push for naval aviation and opposed the construction of the Yamato-class super-battleships, as he felt they were a waste of resources.  With the Japanese government set on war, six of Yamamotos carriers sailed for Hawaii on November 26, 1941. Approaching from the north they attacked on December 7, sinking four battleships and damaging an additional four- beginning World War II. While the attack was a political disaster for the Japanese due to the United States desire for revenge, it provided Yamamoto with six months (as he anticipated) to consolidate and expand their territory in the Pacific without American interference. Midway Following the triumph at Pearl Harbor, Yamamotos ships and planes proceeded to mop up Allied forces across the Pacific. Surprised by the speed of the Japanese victories, the Imperial General Staff (IGS) began to ponder competing plans for future operations. While Yamamoto argued in favor of seeking a decisive battle with the American fleet, the IGS preferred to move toward Burma. Following the Doolittle Raid on Tokyo in April 1942, Yamamoto was able to convince the Naval General Staff to let him move against Midway Island, 1,300 miles northwest of Hawaii. Knowing that Midway was key to the defense of Hawaii, Yamamoto hoped to draw the American fleet out so that it could be destroyed. Moving east with a large force, including four carriers, while also sending a diversionary force to the Aleutians, Yamamoto was unaware that the Americans had broken his codes and were informed about the attack. After bombing the island, his carriers were struck by U.S. Navy aircraft flying from three carriers. The Americans, led by Rear Admirals Frank J. Fletcher and Raymond Spruance, managed to sink all four Japanese carriers (Akagi, Soryu, Kaga, and Hiryu) in exchange for the USS Yorktown (CV-5). The defeat at Midway blunted Japanese offensive operations and shifted the initiative to the Americans. After Midway Despite the heavy losses at Midway, Yamamoto sought to press forward with operations to take Samoa and Fiji. As a stepping stone for this move, Japanese forces landed on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands and commenced building an airfield. This was countered by American landings on the island in August 1942. Forced to fight for the island, Yamamoto was pulled into a battle of attrition that his fleet could not afford. Having lost face due to the defeat at Midway, Yamamoto was forced to assume the defensive posture preferred by the Naval General Staff. Death Throughout the fall of 1942, he fought a pair of carrier battles (Eastern Solomons Santa Cruz) as well as numerous surface engagements in support of the troops on Guadalcanal. Following the fall of Guadalcanal in February 1943, Yamamoto decided to make an inspection tour through the South Pacific to boost morale. Using radio intercepts, American forces were able to isolate the route of the admirals plane. On the morning of April 18, 1943, American P-38 Lightning planes from the 339th Fighter Squadron ambushed Yamamotos plane and its escorts near Bougainville. In the fight that ensued, Yamamotos plane was hit and went down, killing all on board. The kill is generally credited to 1st LieutenantRex T. Barber.  Yamamoto was succeeded as commander of the Combined Fleet by Admiral Mineichi Koga.

Biography On Frank Sinatra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biography On Frank Sinatra - Essay Example Sinatra made a demo recording of the song "Our Love" on 18th March 1939 with the band named Frank Mane. The original record was kept in a safe for nearly 60 years by the band leader. Frank Sinatra began his musical career with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey and thereafter became a successful solo artist in the mid-1940s. Together with the James band in July 1939, Frank Sinatra released his first public recorded song. It is popularly known as â€Å"From the Bottom of My Heart".His first album was released in 1946 named, â€Å"The voice of Frank Sinatra†. Frank’s music was dominating charts by the year 1947. Because of his intricate and melodious voice, he soon became an artist of popular music. As every artist has a career chart, so did Frank Sinatra had. The problems with Frank Sinatra lied in his personal affairs, like friendship with the mafia and his interest in women. His interest in women became the cause of his divorce. Together with Frank's failure to serve in the military compile his decline in his personal, as well as his professional life. Overall, Sinatra's first and the only major downfall in music was in 1951 and it lasted for at most three years.As already mentioned, Frank Sinatra’s professional career had gone down by the 1950s. His career revived again in the year 1954. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his outstanding performance in the film â€Å"From Here to Eternity†. He eventually signed a contract with Capitol Records and released many appraised albums.

Contribution of an information audit to an information systems Essay

Contribution of an information audit to an information systems strategy - Essay Example Information audits are useful tools employed by organizations to identify, cost, develop, and rationalize their information resources and services. Also, as the foregoing definition suggests, an important function of information audits is that it yields results that clarify the benefits contributed by the firm’s information services to the overall effort of the organization in the attainment of its goals (Dubois, 1995). While information audits are of primary importance in organizations that deal in information, such as libraries, and archival and database centres, they nevertheless tend to benefit all types of organizations in managing the firm more effectively (Suduc, et al., 2010). There are several benefits to information audits; these include ensuring validity (that information is accurate and complete), diagnostics (identification of strong and weak points), feedback (to see if inputs produce the desired outputs), information (for staff to maximize the benefits of inform ation), and training (for staff members) (Botha & Boon, 2003). Aside from these, one of the most important of which is the enhancement of information systems security. The great amount of information accessible through the current digital communication networks also creates vulnerabilities for the integrity of company information systems, both to attacks from inside and outside the company (Suduc, et al., 2010). In another study, Rosca, et al. (2010) forward the proposition of and information systems audit as cornerstone of corporate IT governance in the context of institutions of higher learning. Information Technology Governance (IT Governance) addresses the concerns of regulators, management and clientele about the proper use of information, most especially personal data. It focuses on IT systems and their performance and risk management. Application of IT audits in the Rosca study served the purpose of identifying, evaluating and managing university risks, in the course of estab lishing the organization’s governance structure. The principles around which IT audit and governance are structured, however, are not limited to the academe but find much relevance in any type of organization that has its own internal IT system. The goals of information audit, particularly in the service of IT governance, are several and varied, but primarily are aimed at (1) assuring the investment in IT generates value, and (2) mitigating the associated risks with IT implementation. More specific objectives that may be identified are: Objectives for IT audit Major objectives To implement prevailing best practices in IT To assess existing controls or introduce common policy and processes, among which are: IT Help desk amalgamation with common support processes PC/Desktop installation and deployment techniques Information security Software licensing Virtualization of desktops, servers and data hosting To configure key parameters for information security To reduce the frequenc y and/or impact of major incidents Important objectives To align IS components and